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Ninja is yet another build system. It takes as input theinterdependencies of files (typically source code and outputexecutables) and orchestrates building them, quickly.
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Ninja joins a sea of other build systems. Its distinguishing goal isto be fast. It is born frommywork on the Chromium browser project, which has over 30,000 sourcefiles and whose other build systems (including one built from customnon-recursive Makefiles) would take ten seconds to start buildingafter changing one file. Ninja is under a second.
Where other build systems are high-level languages, Ninja aims to bean assembler. Arrow knight mac os.
Build systems get slow when they need to make decisions. When you arein a edit-compile cycle you want it to be as fast as possible — youwant the build system to do the minimum work necessary to figure outwhat needs to be built immediately.
Ninja contains the barest functionality necessary to describearbitrary dependency graphs. Its lack of syntax makes it impossibleto express complex decisions.
Instead, Ninja is intended to be used with a separate programgenerating its input files. The generator program (like the./configure
found in autotools projects) can analyze systemdependencies and make as many decisions as possible up front so thatincremental builds stay fast. Going beyond autotools, even build-timedecisions like 'which compiler flags should I use?' or 'should Ibuild a debug or release-mode binary?' belong in the .ninja
filegenerator.
Here are the design goals of Ninja:
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- very fast (i.e., instant) incremental builds, even for very large projects.
- very little policy about how code is built. Different projects and higher-level build systems have different opinions about how code should be built; for example, should built objects live alongside the sources or should all build output go into a separate directory? Is there a 'package' rule that builds a distributable package of the project? Sidestep these decisions by trying to allow either to be implemented, rather than choosing, even if that results in more verbosity.
- get dependencies correct, and in particular situations that are difficult to get right with Makefiles (e.g. outputs need an implicit dependency on the command line used to generate them; to build C source code you need to use gcc's
-M
flags for header dependencies). - when convenience and speed are in conflict, prefer speed.
Some explicit non-goals:
- convenient syntax for writing build files by hand. You should generate your ninja files using another program. This is how we can sidestep many policy decisions.
- built-in rules. Out of the box, Ninja has no rules for e.g. compiling C code.
- build-time customization of the build. Options belong in the program that generates the ninja files.
- build-time decision-making ability such as conditionals or search paths. Making decisions is slow.
To restate, Ninja is faster than other build systems because it ispainfully simple. You must tell Ninja exactly what to do when youcreate your project's .ninja
files.
Ninja is closest in spirit and functionality to Make, relying onsimple dependencies between file timestamps.
But fundamentally, make has a lot of features: suffix rules,functions, built-in rules that e.g. search for RCS files when buildingsource. Make's language was designed to be written by humans. Manyprojects find make alone adequate for their build problems.
In contrast, Ninja has almost no features; just those necessary to getbuilds correct while punting most complexity to generation of theninja input files. Ninja by itself is unlikely to be useful for mostprojects.
Here are some of the features Ninja adds to Make. (These sorts offeatures can often be implemented using more complicated Makefiles,but they are not part of make itself.) Sanicball custom mac os.
- Ninja has special support for discovering extra dependencies at build time, making it easy to get header dependencies correct for C/C++ code.
- A build edge may have multiple outputs.
- Outputs implicitly depend on the command line that was used to generate them, which means that changing e.g. compilation flags will cause the outputs to rebuild.
- Output directories are always implicitly created before running the command that relies on them.
- Rules can provide shorter descriptions of the command being run, so you can print e.g.
CC foo.o
instead of a long command line while building. - Builds are always run in parallel, based by default on the number of CPUs your system has. Underspecified build dependencies will result in incorrect builds.
- Command output is always buffered. This means commands running in parallel don't interleave their output, and when a command fails we can print its failure output next to the full command line that produced the failure.
Google employee? See go/building-chrome-mac for extra tips.
Prerequisites
- A Mac running 10.9+.
- Xcode 7.3+.
- depot_tools.
- The OSX 10.10 SDK. Runto check whether you have it. Building with the 10.11 SDK works too, but the releases currently use the 10.10 SDK.
Getting the code
Check out the source code using Git.
Before checking out, go to the waterfall and check that the source tree is open (to avoid pulling a broken tree).
The path to the build directory should not contain spaces (e.g. not ~/Mac OS X/chromium
), as this will cause the build to fail. This includes your drive name, the default 'Macintosh HD2' for a second drive has a space.
Building
Chromium on OS X is built using the Ninja tool and the Clang compiler. See both of those pages for further details on how to tune the build.
Run
to generate build files (replace 'gn' in 'out/gn' with whatever you like), and then run
to build. You can edit out/gn/args.gn to configure the build.
Before you build, you may want to install API keys so that Chrome-integrated Google services work. This step is optional if you aren't testing those features.
Faster builds
Full rebuilds are about the same speed in Debug and Release, but linking is a lot faster in Release builds.
Put
in your args.gn to do a release build.
Put
in your args.gn to build many small dylibs instead of a single large executable. Cosa nostra (berudil) mac os. This makes incremental builds much faster, at the cost of producing a binary that opens less quickly. Component builds work in both debug and release.
Put
in your args.gn to disable debug symbols altogether. This makes both full rebuilds and linking faster (at the cost of not getting symbolized backtraces in gdb).
You might also want to install ccache to speed up the build.
Running
All build output is located in the out
directory (in the example above, ~/chromium/src/out
). You can find the applications at gn/Content Shell.app
and gn/Chromium.app
.
Unit Tests
We have several unit test targets that build, and tests that run and pass. A small subset of these is:
unit_tests
fromchrome/chrome.gyp
base_unittests
frombase/base.gyp
net_unittests
fromnet/net.gyp
url_unittests
fromurl/url.gyp
When these tests are built, you will find them in the out/gn
directory. You can run them from the command line:
Coding
According to the Chromium style guide code is not allowed to have whitespace on the ends of lines.
Run git cl format
after committing to your local branch and before uploading to clang-format your code.
Debugging
Good debugging tips can be found here. If you would like to debug in a graphical environment, rather than using lldb
at the command line, that is possible without building in Xcode. See Debugging in Xcode for information on how.
Contributing
Once you're comfortable with building Chromium, check out Contributing Code for information about writing code for Chromium and contributing it.
Using Xcode-Ninja Hybrid
While using Xcode is unsupported, gn supports a hybrid approach of using ninja for building, but Xcode for editing and driving compilation. Xcode is still slow, but it runs fairly well even with indexing enabled. Most people build in the Terminal and write code with a text editor though.
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With hybrid builds, compilation is still handled by ninja, and can be run by the command line (e.g. ninja -C out/gn chrome) or by choosing the chrome target in the hybrid workspace and choosing build.
To use Xcode-Ninja Hybrid pass --ide=xcode to gn gen
Open it:
You may run into a problem where http://YES is opened as a new tab every time you launch Chrome. To fix this, open the scheme editor for the Run scheme, choose the Options tab, and uncheck 'Allow debugging when using document Versions Browser'. When this option is checked, Xcode adds --NSDocumentRevisionsDebugMode YES
to the launch arguments, and the YES
gets interpreted as a URL to open.
If you have problems building, join us in #chromium
on irc.freenode.net
and ask there. As mentioned above, be sure that the waterfall is green and the tree is open before checking out. This will increase your chances of success.
Improving performance of git status
git status
is used frequently to determine the status of your checkout. Due to the number of files in Chromium‘s checkout, git status
performance can be quite variable. Increasing the system's vnode cache appears to help. By default, this command:
Outputs kern.maxvnodes: 263168
(263168 is 257 * 1024). To increase this setting:
Higher values may be appropriate if you routinely move between different Chromium checkouts. This setting will reset on reboot, the startup setting can be set in /etc/sysctl.conf
:
Or edit the file directly.
If your git --version
reports 2.6 or higher, the following may also improve performance of git status
:
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Xcode license agreement
If you're getting the error
the Xcode license hasn't been accepted yet which (contrary to the message) any user can do by running:
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Only accepting for all users of the machine requires root: